|BULLETIN NO. 22. (R A. I. ISO.) 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
SF 601 

.08 

v. 22 

Copy 2 PROCEEDINGS 

_7— : OF THE 

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING^ ^ %~ 

OF THE 

ASSOCIATION 

OF 

EXPERIMENT STATION VETERINARIANS, 

HELD AT 

OMAHA, NEBKA >Jf£A, 
September 8. A,. 




WASHINGTON : 

OOVE^NMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1898. 






Bulletin No. 22. <B. a. 1. 120.) 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

•J 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



PROCEEDINGS 



OF THE 



SECOND ANNUAL MEETING 



OF THE 



ASSOCIATION 



OF 



EXPERIMENT STATION VETERINARIANS, 



HELD AT 



OMAHA, NEBRASKA. 



September 8, 1898. 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1898. 

2- 









OCT 20 1906 
D. of 0. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Washington, B.C., November 11, 1898. 

Sir : I transmit herewith a record of the proceedings, with accom- 
panying papers, of the Association of Experiment Station Veterina- 
rians, held at Omaha, Nebr., on September 8, 1898, and recommend 
its publication as a bulletin of this Bureau. 

The Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and the entomolo- 
gists of the experiment stations have been organized for several years, 
and their proceedings have been published by this Department. 
That rapid and beneficial progress has been the result of such coop- 
eration is beyond question. The veterinarians recognize this fact, and 
a few who are especially interested have put forth efforts to effect a 
similar organization. It is believed that the nucleus already formed 
will grow into an organization which shall not only be of service to 
the several States, but be helpful as well to the General Government 
in cooperating, as necessity may arise, with the Bureau of Animal 
Industr}^. 

Respectfully, 

D. E. Salmon, 
Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Growing tubercle bacilli for tuberculin, by C. A. Cary, B. S., D. V. M. .__ 8 

Feeding wild plants to sheep, by S. B. Nelson, D. V. M 10 

Delphinium menziesii 11 

Castilleja pallescens 12 

Crepis barbigera 12 

The astragali. 12 

Zygadenus venenosus 13 

Frasera albicaulis 13 

Sisyrinchium grandinorum _. 13 

Antenaria luzuloides 13 

Arnica fulgens - 13 

Lupinus 14 

Peucedanum grayii 14 

The experiment station veterinarian as a member of the State Board of 

Health 14 

Rules concerning work in the veterinary department 15 

Laboratory records for veterinarians, by A. W. Bitting, D. Y. M 18 

The desirability of cooperation between the station veterinarian and local 

veterinarians in the State, by A. W. Bitting, D. V. M 20 

The exhibit of the United States Experiment Station veterinarians at the 

Paris Exposition in 1900, by A. T. Peters, D. V. M 22 

The value to veterinarians of cooperative experiments, by L. L. Lewis, 

M. S., D. V. M 24 

Constitution and by-laws of the Association of Experiment Station Veteri- 
narians .....* 26 

5 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF 
THE ASSOCIATION OF EXPERIMENT STA- 
TION VETERINARIANS, 1898. 



The Association of Experiment Station Veterinarians met in its 
second session in the Millard Hotel, Omaha, Nebr., on September 8, 
1898. The following named members were present: 

MEMBERS PRESENT. 

J. W. Connaway, Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Sta- 
tion, at Columbia. 

James Law, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 
at Ithaca, N. Y. 

C. A.Cary, Agricultural Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical 
College of Alabama, at Auburn. 

S. B. Nelson, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, at 
Pullman. 

A. T. Peters, Agricultural Experiment Station, at Lincoln, Nebr. 

M. H. Reynolds, Agricultural Experiment Station at the University 
of Minnesota, at St. Anthony Park. 

D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

M. Stalker, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

New members were elected as follows : 

S. S. Buckley, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, at 
College Park. 

Paul Fischer, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, at Man- 
hattan. 

W. C. Langdon, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, 
at Agricultural College. 

P. L. Russell, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono. 

NEW OFFICERS. 

Officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows : 
President, James Law. 
Vice-President, J. W. Connaway. 
Secretary-Treasurer, A. T. Peters. 

Executive committee : M. Stalker, A. W. Bitting, and M. H. 
Reynolds. 



8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

The Secretary, reporting for the past year, expressed gratification 
at the work done by the association. There was more cooperation 
among the stations than heretofore, and good feeling prevailed. 

Changes among the veterinarians of the various stations were 
noted, as follows: 1ST.-S. Mayo, who resigned from the Kansas Ex- 
periment Station, is now with the station at Storrs, Conn. The 
position at Storrs was vacated by G. A. Waterman, who is now with 
the station at Lansing, Mich. A. A. Grange resigned from the 
Michigan station and is now connected with the Detroit College of 
Medicine in its veterinary department. The position vacated by S. 
B. Staples at Baton Rouge, La., is now occupied by W. H. Dalrymple. 
Paul Fischer is now located with the station at Manhattan, Kans. 
W. B. Mies resigned from the Iowa Agricultural College, at Ames, 
and J. A. Craig has been selected as his successor. 

Papers read before the association follow herewith. 



GROWING TUBERCLE BACILLI FOR TUBERCULIN. 

By C. A. Cary, B. S., D. V. M., 

Veterinarian, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. 

It is not the purpose of this article to project new ideas or discov- 
eries, but rather to make a few suggestions. 

In order to make tuberculin one must first secure a pure culture of 
tubercle bacilli. This may be done by procuring a pure culture 
from some one who has it, or by isolating the bacilli from a tuber- 
culous animal or man. The latter method should be adopted, because 
the former leads to lazy habits and inexperience. Secure some fresh 
tuberculous sputum ; wash some of its solid or albuminous particles 
through six to ten changes of sterilized distilled water ; inject one or 
more of these particles into the peritoneal sac of a guinea pig, a rab- 
bit, or a house mouse. In three or four weeks and before the animal 
dies of the disease, kill it and from the spleen and liver carefully 
inoculate several of the ordinary blood serum tubes and of Loffler's 
blood serum mixture tubes. Keep these tubes in the incubator at 
37.5° C, and in twenty to thirty days the characteristic pure-culture 
growth will be observed in some of the tubes. Other tubes may 
exhibit no growth, and still others may show growths of other germs. 

A large stock of neutral glycerin bouillon should be kept on hand. 
It is best to make this bouillon from veal or with beef from an animal 
less than one year old. However, the most essential thing in prepar- 
ing this bouillon is that it should be neutral in reaction. This is most 
accurately secured by titrating a 0.4 per cent solution of sodium 
hydrate into 10 cc. of the bouillon to which has been added a drop 
of an alcholic solution of phenolphthalein. The 10 cc. of bouillon 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 9 

should be taken from the bouillon mixture after it has been heated 
and the coagulated albuminous materials have been removed by fil- 
tration. Then the delicate rose color, which indicates the neutral 
stage will be readily observed. After making the calculation, neu- 
tralize the acidity in the bouillon by adding the proper quantity of an 
8 per cent solution of sodium hydrate. After neutralizing, the bouil- 
lon should be cooked and filtered again. This method was first used 
by Schulz, and is described in full by Abbott in his ' ' Principles of 
Bacteriology." 

After the bouillon has been neutralized and sterilized, put it into 
large, flat-bottomed Erlenmeyer or antitoxine flasks, sterilize again, 
and then inoculate with tubercle bacilli. Some authorities recommend 
floating a small quantity of the dry bacilli from an old agar-agar cul- 
ture upon the surface of the bouillon, but this is very difficult. I find 
that it is just as efficient to take upon the platinum wire some of a 
moist growth of the tubercle bacilli and rub them over the inside 
surface of the flask on a level with the top or upper surface of the 
bouillon. It is best and easiest to inoculate a small Erlenmeyer flask 
of bouillon as suggested above ; and when a thin film has formed over 
the surface, small pieces of the film may be lifted out with a hooked 
platinum wire and they will readily float upon a bouillon surface. 

After the cultures have grown at a temperature of 37.5° C. for six 
or eight weeks, heat in steam sterilizer for 15 minutes; run through 
sterilized filter paper ; then pass it through a Pasteur- Chamberlain air 
pressure filter or any good filter that will remove all of the germs. 
The filtrate may be evaporated on a water bath to one-tenth of its 
original volume, and the result will be the strong, or concentrated, 
form of tuberculin Kochii. This form keeps better or longer than 
any other. One-half to 1 per cent of carbolic acid may be added to 
the filtrate and the tuberculin will keep for some time. It will have 
the regular strength, and be ready for use without requiring any 
changes. To the filtrate may be added an equal quantity of pure 
glycerin ; this will preserve it by preventing the growth of accidental 
infection, but will make it one-half as strong as the normal, or regu- 
lar, tuberculin. This last method has not been tried sufficiently to 
warrant the writer in recommending it in preference to the well-tried 
methods. 



10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

FEEDING WILD PLANTS TO SHEEP. 

By S. B. Nelson, D. V. M., 

Professor of Veterinary Sciences, Washington Agricultural College and School 

of Science. 

For many years past there have occurred in the State of Washing- 
ton, when sheep were being moved from winter quarters to summer 
pastures, serious losses in the flocks. According to the statements 
of the various sheep owners these losses have occurred in certain 
definite localities in the spring, but not in the autumn, when the 
sheep were returned to their winter feeding quarters. These fatali- 
ties happening under apparently the same conditions — at the same 
time and place each year — led the sheep owners to believe that the 
deaths were due to eating some grass or weed which acted as a poison 
to the sheep. This condition was brought to the attention of the 
Experiment Station and certain members commenced the work of 
investigating the cause of the great mortality in the flocks. As these 
experiments are not completed, it is not the intention of this paper 
to discuss the cause of the death of the sheep, but to record the 
results of feeding to sheep different plants, many of which have been 
and are considered poisonous to sheep and other domesticated ani- 
mals. 

The station botanist went into these various localities and ascer- 
tained what plants were there. About thirty-five different plants 
were observed, and as many as possible of these were fed and the 
results noted. The plants found were grouped into two classes : 
First, those from which might be expected a positive result; second, 
those from which a negative result might be looked for — judgment 
on both classes being based on public opinion about many of the 
plants ; and also consideration being given to the abundance with 
which the plants were distributed. Following is the list of plants 
collected : 

Class 1. — Delphinium menziesii, Castilleja pallescens, Crepis 
barbigera, Astragalus dorycnioides, Astragalus spaldingii, 
Astragalus palousensis, Zygadenus venenosus, Frasera albi- 
caulis, Antenaria luzuloides, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Ar- 
nica fulgens. 

Class 2. — Saxifraga integufolia, Lupinus ornatus, Leptotce- 
nia multifida, Peucedanum grayii, Synthyris rubra, Clematis 
douglassii, Heuchera glabella, Lithospermum pilosum, Gera- 
nium, Potentilla, Friogonum heracleoides, Geum trifle-rum. 
Grindelia nana, Chcenactis douglasii. 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 11 

DELPHINIUM MENZIESII. 

The first, and which was thought the most important, was Del- 
phinium menziesii. Three sheep were used in this experiment. 
Prior to the experiment they had been kept in a lot where there was 
running water and were fed timothy hay. 

Experiment No. 1. — May 17: At 4:30 p. m., sheep No. 1, a ewe, 
was tethered in a patch where Delphinium was very plentiful. She 
was returned to the stable at 8 :30 p. m. There was evidence that 
she had eaten the blossoms of a few Delphinium. The next day she 
was placed in the patch at 5 a. m. and returned to the stable at 8 
p. m. Besides the plants that she had cropped, there was given to 
her about 1 pound of gathered Delphinium plants, which she ate. 
On May 19 she was again tethered in the patch and given, in addi- 
tion to the amount she obtained there, 1 pound of Delphinium. This 
was repeated on May 20 ; but she had only one-half pound of the 
gathered plant. She had, however, eaten everything within her 
reach except some scattered plants of Brodice douglasii. The fol- 
lowing day she was staked out in a fresh place. She once in a while 
bit off the heads of the Delphinium, but did not seem to prefer it ; 
however, by the evening she had eaten all the green material within 
the reach of her tether except the Brodice, douglasii. May 22 : She 
was tethered in a fresh place at 5 :30 a. m., and by 9 a. m. she had 
eaten all the grass and Delphinium within her reach. On the 23d 
and 24th she was all right. Here we have an experiment in which 
a sheep is kept tethered in a patch of Delphinium for six days, and 
she ate all of the plant that she could obtain and was fed 2^ pounds 
besides, with a negative result. 

Experiment No. 2. — This sheep was placed in a small pen, and 
on May 18 was given 5 pounds of Delphinium, consisting of stems, 
leaves, flowers, and unripe pods. May 19 : He had eaten all that 
was given him yesterday. May 20 : At noon he was given 2^ pounds 
of Delphinium that was gathered on the 18th. Probably consider- 
able of the plant's water had evaporated ; how much, I do not know. 
In 2--J- hours he had eaten nearly all of it, and at this time was fed 5 
pounds that had just been picked. The next day he had eaten all 
that had been given him the day before. He was given 3 pounds 
that was partially dried. It had been picked 24 hours. Four hours 
later he had eaten the 3 pounds and was then given 7 pounds just 
gathered. . May 22 : Removed 1^ pounds that he had not eaten. He 
was given 3-^ pounds 24 hours old. The next day it was all eaten. 
May 24 and 25 : He was well and the experiment was ended. 

This sheep was fed, in 5 days, 24f pounds of Delphinium, of which 
lof pounds were freshly gathered, 6^- pounds 24 hours old, and 2-J- 
pounds 48 hours old. All this with a negative result. Certainly 



12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

this was more of the plant than a sheep would possibly gather on 
the range in the same length of time. During these 5 days he had 
nothing else to eat, subsisting wholly on Delphinium. 

Experiment No. 3. — This was intended as a check on experiment 
No. 2 ; but this sheep did not eat the plant so readily. It consumed 
during the 5 days only 6i pounds. The result, however, was also 
negative. 

These experiments certainly are strong evidence that Delphinium 
menziesii, at least when eaten fresh at this time of the year, is not 
poisonous to sheep. 

CASTILLEJA PALLESCENS. 

This plant was looked upon with distrust as being poisonous, for 
the reason that it occurs only in a few places in the State in abundance, 
and these places were where the sheep often died. Two sheep were 
used in this experiment, which began May 26. Fed to the first If 
pounds of Castilleja. The next day it was observed that he had 
eaten only a little, but he was given, in addition, the same amount 
as before. May 26 : Only a little eaten. May 29 : Nearly all eaten. 
May 30 : All was consumed. In 4 days he ate 1\ pounds of the 
plant. On May 30, the second sheep was fed 2 ounces of Castilleja, 
which he ate immediately. 

The results of both of these experiments were negative. 

CREPIS BARBIGERA. 

We were informed by a party very much interested in this matter 
that years ago he had seen Crepis barbigera fed to sheep with fatal 
results. I therefore looked for positive results from these trials. 
Two sheep were used. 

May 26 : There were fed to the first one 2 ounces of Crepis. The 
next day he had not eaten all of it. May 28 : It was all eaten and 
he was given one-half pound, which was eaten by the following day. 
June 23 : The second sheep was fed If pounds of Crepis barbigera, 
which he ate as if he relished it. 

Nothing detrimental to the sheep resulted from either experiment. 

THE ASTRAGALI. 

These plants have at various times been suspicioned of cau sing- 
trouble in our domestic animals. We used the three following spe- 
cies: Astraglus spaldingii, A. palousensis, A. dorycnioides. 
Of Astragalus dorycnioides, 5^ ounces were fed May 26. Of 
A. spaldingii, 12 ounces were fed June 3, and again to the same 
sheep were given 1 J pounds on June 8, five days later. June 9 : 24- 
pounds of A. palousensis were fed to the third sheep. These sheep 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 13 

ate the various amounts given them during the night following 
without any ill effects resulting. Could these experiments have been 
continued for a longer period of time, it may be that pathological 
changes would have followed the continuous feeding. 

ZYGADENUS VENENOSUS. 

This plant is called "poison camas" by the Indians, and it is re- 
ported that the eating of the bulb has caused death in the human 
family. On May 31, June 1 and 2, a sheep was fed 1-| ounces daily. 
He would eat them from the hand with apparent relish. However, 
his appetite was kept sharpened so that he would eat almost anything. 
June 4 : Fed to this sheep 1 pound of the plant, both in blossom and 
in fruit. This amount was all eaten during the night. The sheep 
remained well. 

FRASERA ALBICAULIS. 

This beautiful plant was next tried on one sheep. June 3 : He was 
fed 1-J- pounds, which he ate before next morning. June 5 : Fed to 
him 5 pounds, of which he ate about one-half during the night. By 
the 8th he had eaten nearly all. On this day he was fed three-fourths 
pound more, which was 4 days old. He ate this last amount dur- 
ing the night. In all he received 7 J- pounds without any apparent 
injury. 

SISYRINCHIUM GRANDIFLORUM. 

The plants of this species that were fed were 4 years old and about 
20 of these stalks were fed. The sheep ate them out of the hand. 
Result, negative. 

ANTENARIA LUZULOIDES. 

Three pounds were gathered and fed to one sheep. It was all 
eaten in less than 24 hours, without any visible bad results. 

ARNICA FULGENS. 

This was the last plant in this class to be used. Fed to a sheep 2 
pounds of the plant that had been gathered 18 hours. The material 
was all eaten during the day. Results, entirely negative. 

This closed the experiments with those plants from which we had 
some reason to obtain some clearly visible physiological effects. 
There was fed of the different plants from one-eighth to 7 pounds in 
one day. 

In the second class the following were fed and eaten in about 6 
hours' time: Saxifraga integufolia, 7 ounces; Leptotcenia multi- 
fida If pounds; Grindelia nana, 2 pounds; Chcenactis douglassi, 
1^ pounds. No poisonous symptoms followed. 



14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

LUPINUS. 

On May 30, there was fed to a sheep 1\ pounds at 11 a. m. ; at 6 
p. m. it was all consumed. The next day he was given 2^ more 
pounds, which he ate greedily. June 1 : That amount was doubled, 
giving him 5 pounds ; this he consumed by the next day. This sheep 
was fed 8^ pounds in a few hours less than three days. No untoward 
effects resulted. 

PEUCEDANUM GRAYII. 

On May 31 I fed 1-J pounds of this stinking plant, having much 
doubt that the sheep would eat it. The following morning it had, 
however, all disappeared. Two days later he was fed at one time 4 
pounds, which he ate by the following morning. The sheep showed 
no ill effects from it. 

The following five plants were fed to five different sheep : Clem- 
atis douglasii, 4 pounds; Lithospermum pilosum, 4 pounds; 
Geranium, 3^ pounds; Potentilla, 4 pounds; and Eriogonum hera- 
cleoides, Z\ pounds. Each sheep ate his allowance in less time than 
one day and showed no ill effects whatever from it. 

Of the next three plants, a smaller amount was given : Synthyris 
rubra, 1 pound; Heuchera glabella, 1-J pounds; and Geum tri- 
florum, three-fourths pound. The sheep took nearly 24 hours to eat 
this, and the result again was negative. 

In these experiments from three-fourths to 4 pounds of the various 
plants were fed in one day without appreciable effect on the sheep. 

In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge the valuable advice and 
assistance of the station botanist, C. Y. Piper, in carrying on these 
experiments. 



THE EXPERIMENT STATION VETERINARIAN AS A 
MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

By M. H. Reynolds, D. V. M., M. D. ; 

Veterinarian, Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota. 

It is unfortunate that there is not greater uniformity in methods of 
controlling infectious diseases among domestic animals. Some States 
have adopted the plan of a State veterinarian, assisted by local depu- 
ties, the State veterinarian having little or no connection with the 
State board of health, while other States are trying to control in- 
fectious diseases among domestic animals through boards of live 
stock commissioners. Some States have a State veterinarian work- 
ing on very meagre salary, and other States have State veterinarians 
who are nongraduates and who are given considerable authority. 
And still other States are trying to control these diseases by means 
of official titles ; that is, they have officers and titles, but these offi- 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 15 

cers are practically without funds and without sufficient authority. 

In Minnesota all police authority concerning infectious diseases of 
animals is vested in the State board of health. Until January 1, 
1897, this board was composed exclusively of physicians. For a 
great many years Minnesota's State board of health presented the 
strange combination of a board composed exclusively of practitioners 
of human medicine, having absolute authority concerning infectious 
diseases of domestic animals. During this time the gentleman who 
held the position of Experiment Station veterinarian was expected 
to visit outbreaks and accomplish marvelous things in the way of 
checking infectious diseases without any authority. This situation 
and the results of this method did not prove satisfactaiy to our stock 
interests. Stockmen made such vigorous objections during the win- 
ter and spring of 1896 and 1897 that the governor decided to appoint 
a veterinarian to membership on the State board of health. After 
due consideration he appointed the Experiment Station veterinarian. 
This is the present situation in our State. Possibly another veteri- 
narian may be appointed to membership on the board in the future, 
and then the work will be divided more nearly as it should be. 

Our newly appointed member of the State board of health was 
soon made chairman of the committee on infectious diseases of ani- 
mals and given immediate charge of the correspondence and general 
office work pertaining to that work. After about six months of this 
work, he was made director of a newly created veterinary depart- 
ment. This divided the work of the board into three parts — that 
of the secretary and general executive officer, the bacteriological 
laboratory in charge of a director (and, by the way, we have a labo- 
ratory and bacteriologist in connection with this work in Minnesota, 
of which we are proud), and the veterinary department. Rules 
which partly define the duties and authority of the Director of the 
Veterinary Department have been adopted as follows : 

RULES CONCERNING WORK IN THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 

1. The Director of the Veterinary Department shall have the privilege of pro- 
posing such circulars and rules as he may deem necessary for the purpose of de- 
fining the policy of the board with reference to the veterinary work of the 
board. Such circulars and rules shall be submitted to the executive committee 
or to the State board of health for approval. 

2. The Director shall conduct the correspondence dealing exclusively with 
veterinary matters. He shall have the necessary police authority to enable him 
to order quarantine when in his judgment such course shall become necessary. 
He shall have authority to use his judgment in releasing quarantine in unusual 
cases, independent of the rules governing quarantine. 

3. All agents and employees doing veterinary work in the field shall report to 
the Director, and it shall be the duty of the Director to furnish the Secretary 
with such summaries of regular work and with such other information as the 
Secretary may need. 



16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

4. It shall be the duty of the Director to refer such matters as violation of the 
law dealing with infectious diseases of animals, general enforcement of said 
law, and indifference and carelessness of local health officers, to the Secretary for 
action. 

5. It shall be the duty of the field veterinarian to investigate outbreaks of 
infectious diseases among domestic animals, when deemed advisable by the 
Director of the Veterinary Department, and to attend to such experimental and 
other veterinary work as may seem necessary. When not doing field work, it 
shall be his duty to assist the Director in correspondence and other office work. 

6. The field veterinarian shall have authority to order quarantine, to kill and 
release quarantine of domestic animals, in accordance with the rules and recog- 
nized methods of the State board of health. 

7. It is hereby declared the policy of the State board to pay the salary and 
furnish transportations for the field veterinarian. Local boards are expected to 
pay all his other legitimate expenses incurred in work for them. 

The work of the Veterinary Department has grown rapidly in all 
directions. During the last year we employed one field veterinarian. 
This spring we added another. Thus, you see, we have one veteri- 
narian as a member of the State board of health and two others 
engaged in the field work of the board. One- of these field veterina- 
rians devotes his entire time to hog cholera ; the other does miscella- 
neous work, going to outbreaks of any disease of unusual importance, 
to outbreaks where there is dispute among different veterinarians 
who have been called by owners and local boards, and to places in the 
State where there are no competent veterinarians. 

Perhaps I should explain that in Minnesota we expect the local 
board to employ in ordinary cases a local veterinarian and take care 
of their own outbreaks of infectious diseases among domestic ani- 
mals under the direction, of course, of the State board. The law 
requires that local health officers shall report to the State board of 
health within 24 hours after receiving information of an infectious 
disease. 

During the four years of my work as an Experiment Station vet- 
erinarian before my connection with the State board of health, I 
was constantly crippled for lack of police authority. An Experiment 
Station veterinarian is usually expected to visit outbreaks, make 
diagnoses, and write prescriptions, and then he is severely blamed 
because the outbreak of glanders or anthrax, or possibly sheep scab, 
does not promptly abate. During this time I could give such infor- 
mation and advice, and write such prescriptions, but had no authority 
to insist on anything. If I did this kind of work for the State board 
of health, the Station received no credit. 

On the other hand, the State board of health veterinarian or State 
veterinarian, as the case may be, who has no connection with an 
Experiment Station, is very apt to be crippled for lack of opportuni- 
ties and funds for investigation. For instance, he visits an outbreak 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 17 

of disease that affords a very peculiar and unusual history. The 
trouble may be due to faulty conditions of the feed, but he is unable 
to make a careful investigation and gather satisfactory information 
as to the cause and nature of the trouble, perhaps for lack of funds 
for such work. 

An Experiment Station veterinarian, who is also a State board of 
health veterinarian or State veterinarian, has splendid opportunities 
for collecting material, for doing a great variety of experimental 
work and keeping accurate records with very little expense to the 
station. He can collect an abundance of material for almost any sort 
of experimental work, almost without expense to the station. This 
is especially true if he has access to a well-furnished bacteriological 
laboratory. 

Another advantage is that such an arrangement brings about a 
hearty cooperation between two great institutions which might other- 
wise be working separately and more or less fruitlessly in the same 
field, each one's work incomplete without the data which the other 
could furnish. By the way, I might suggest that in Minnesota this 
plan of cooperation, especially in matters of agricultural interest, is 
in quite general and happy operation. For instance, our State Uni- 
versity, including our Agricultural College and School of Agricul- 
ture, our Experiment Station, and State Farmers' Institutes, are all 
intimately associated in their work, partly because the regents of the 
University and Experiment Station are influential members on the 
Board of Control of the State Farmers' Institutes. Our State Fair 
Grounds adjoin the Experimental Farm ; and there is the closest pos- 
sible cooperation between the State Agricultural Society, Minnesota 
Stock-Breeders' Association and the Experiment Station with its 
congeners, the College and School of Agriculture and the State 
Farmers' Institutes. The Experiment Station veterinarian is also 
director of the veterinary department of the State board of health. 

We find cooperation between the veterinary work of the Experi- 
ment Station and the State board of health to be very satisfactory. 
We found the work unsatisfactory before such combination was made. 
So long as we had one authority in the State who had charge of in- 
fectious diseases, and another who worked in both parts of this field 
but had no police authority over infectious diseases, the work for each 
outbreak was more or less tangled. 

Owing to the way in which the work is organized in Minnesota, 
outbreaks of infectious diseases among domestic animals are discov- 
ered and reported by the local health officer to the State board. If 
the outbreak is such that it can be taken care of by the local health 
officer or by a representative of the State board of health, and all 
that is needed is a little police authority, it does not necessarily in- 
volve the station work at all. On the other hand, if it is work that 



IS BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

invites investigation, the Experiment Station furnishes materials and 
means for such work, and finally, if it is thought best, publishes and 
distributes the results of such investigations. 

If representatives of the State board of health and Experiment 
Station go into the legislature together and ask for an appropriation 
or modification of existing laws, they are apt to be successful. 

Correspondence and other office work of the veterinary depart- 
ments of the two institutions can be greatly economized by coopera- 
tion. There is needed only one set of office records and one official 
head for the two departments. Although there may be a large cor- 
respondence and an immense amount of office records and files to 
look after, the work can be so planned that one office assistant does 
this work for both. In our State the Experiment Station permits me 
to use a portion of my time for the State board of health work on 
the ground that I would have to do a great deal of this work whether 
connected with the State board of health or not. The office assist- 
ant and stenographer does all my correspondence and keeps Station 
records, although her salary is paid by the State board of health. 

By this cooperation we avoid a great deal of duplicating, which 
would otherwise be unavoidable. For instance, I write a small bul- 
letin on hog cholera and swine plague for the Experiment Station ; 
after it has been distributed by the Experiment Station, I condense 
it into a small circular for use in the State board of health work. 

Let me say, in conclusion, that I hope that the work of this associa- 
tion will aid in bringing about greater uniformity and closer coop- 
eration between our various States ; and when this work is organized 
as it should be every State will have one or more veterinarians on 
the State board of health, and the Station veterinarian will be ex 
officio a member of that board. 



LABORATORY RECORDS FOR VETERINARIANS. 

By A. W. Bitting, D. V. M., 
Veterinarian, Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana. 

One of the first essentials in research work is the adoption of some 
system of keeping records. It matters little what system is used if 
it possesses the merit of convenience and clearness in giving the 
information desired. Some stations have a common method of re- 
porting for all departments. Some utilize blank forms, which are 
filled out each day and filed. Others keep the records in books of 
uniform style, while a few have no fixed method, but trust to report- 
ing each experiment by itself. 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 19 

A method which commends itself to those who have used it is the 
card-index system, because of its adaptability to so many kinds of 
reports. It is the only convenient system that can be employed in 
keeping a bibliography of the special subjects under investigation. 
It requires but a few hours to catalogue all the articles in the veter- 
inary journals each month and probably only a few minutes to index 
the special articles relating to the subjects under study. I under- 
took the task of making a complete index of all the English periodical 
veterinary literature. The journals indexed are The Veterinarian, 
The Veterinary Journal, The Edinburg Veterinary Review, The 
Veterinary Record, The American Veterinary Review, The Journal 
of Comparative Medicine, The Veterinary Magazine, and the Journal 
of Veterinary Science in India. The number of cards now in the 
index is over 50,000, and it will require about 12,000 more to bring 
the work up to the close of 1898. While this index is of great con- 
venience and value, I could not recommend anyone to attempt to 
duplicate it, as the work is several times greater than is anticipated. 
If a few stations need such an index, it would be far more con- 
venient to have a printed copy made from this one than to duplicate 
the work. I believe, in general, it will be found to be profitable to 
index only special subjects, although all will admit the use and de- 
sirability of having a complete index. In making a bibliographical 
index the same style should be used as followed by public libraries. 

The card index is the most convenient form of recording the pres- 
ence and distribution of diseases in the State. The card should give 
the name of the disease, the locality, the time when reported, and 
the name of the person reporting it. The cards may be filed accord- 
ing to the disease reported or by counties to give the distribution. 

The index is one' of the best means for keeping a record of the 
equipment of the laboratory. The card should give the name of the 
article, of whom and when purchased, and the cost. When the arti- 
cle is broken or consumed the card may be removed and an inventory 
is always at hand. For recording staining reagents it should give 
the formula and date of preparation of each. 

A card index serves as a convenient method of keeping certain 
laboratory notes. Examinations are frequently made of material 
out of the usual line of work and a brief record is all that is needed. 
Such a record upon a card may be filed and become useful at some 
future date when the subject is under consideration. Reports of 
cases may be filed in the same way. So far as possible it is best to 
use the large index cards, and for recording laboratory examinations 
or cases cards of usual height but double length. 



20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

THE DESIRABILITY OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE 
STATION VETERINARIAN AND THE LOCAL VETERI- 
NARIANS IN THE STATE. 

By A. W. Bitting, D. V. M., 
Veterinarian, Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana. 

It may be possible to imagine an experiment station so well equipped 
and so liberally provided with funds that the veterinarian at the head 
of his department can use his discretion in the selection of the disease 
or the special problem for investigation ; that he may go wherever 
the disease is present, stay as long as may be necessary to make a 
complete series of observations, or repeat his visitations until he has 
learned all that he can. In such a position he could be independent 
of public demands, and could utilize all his energy in prosecuting 
his work. 

A veterinarian occupying a position in a State experiment station is 
confronted with a difficult set of conditions. The funds for maintain- 
ing this department are limited. He is usually compelled to make 
his studies upon outbreaks of disease and such sporadic cases as occur 
in the immediate vicinity of the station. If he visits localities at 
some distance from the station he is rarely permitted to have all the 
time that is necessary to complete the work or repeat his visitations 
because of exhaustion of the funds. Under the conditions existing 
at most of the stations the veterinarian can have at best only a small 
number of cases of any disease upon which to make observations or 
experiments. The public demands that he should be informed con- 
cerning the occurrence and distribution of contagious diseases, and 
in many instances that he shall give assistance in their suppression. 
Of all the members of the station staff he is the least independent. 
He can not order an outbreak of disease for his special study; he 
can not control the location or duration of the disease when one does 
occur ; and he can obtain information upon the occurrence and dis- 
tribution of contagious diseases in the State only through corre- 
spondence. 

I believe the veterinary department of the experiment station and 
the veterinarians in the State should be on such friendly terms that 
cooperative work may be conducted to the advantage of both. The 
station can act as a medium to give the latest information upon the 
results of its own researches and announce the work that is being 
accomplished at other places. The station may also give assistance 
in diagnosis in certain cases where the microscope or other special 
equipment is necessary. The veterinarian, in turu, may be of great 
assistance to the station by reporting outbreaks of disease and the 
results of any experiments which he may undertake. 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 21 

In 1896 and 1897 I made an attempt to determine whether cooper- 
ation was practical and whether the station would gain information 
to compensate for the work required. There were ninety-six qualified 
veterinarians in the State. A circular letter setting forth the plans 
and blanks for reporting the number of cases occurring in their prac- 
tice each month were sent to each veterinarian. The list of diseases 
upon which reports were desired were those most common in the 
State. It included abortion (infectious) among mares and cows, 
actinomycosis, anthrax, cholera, glanders, influenza, rabies, specific 
ophthalmia among cattle, sporadic aphthae, tetanus, tuberculosis, 
azoturia, colic, other intestinal diseases, parturient apoplexy, periodic 
ophthalmia, pneumonia, cerebro-spinal meningitis, bursatte, fistulas, 
lameness, etc. At first I received about thirty-five replies, but the 
number gradually became smaller until only eight remained after 
the month of August. In 1897 I tried a different plan, and made 
my blank upon a postal card and distributed them at the end of each 
month. I sent the postal cards to about twenty-five addresses and 
had fifteen reports for each month of the year. At the close of the 
year there was much greater interest than at the beginning, and I 
feel certain that I could have doubled the number of correspondents. 
The work was abandoned, as I contemplated withdrawing from 
station work. 

The time covered by this work is admittedly too short to draw con- 
clusions from the reports, but they seem to indicate that certain 
diseases, such as tetanus and parturient apoplexy, are of far more 
common occurrence than is generally suspected; that certain dis- 
eases, such as fistulas and bursatte, are common in some localities 
and rare in others; and that seasonal influences are less marked 
than is often asserted. The station received fifty-one species of 
parasites for identification and also a number of pathological speci- 
mens. At the suggestion of the writer several new preparations 
were used and reports received. The station supplied its own publi- 
cations and gave notice of all bulletins upon veterinary science as 
they appeared at other stations and the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
Upon the whole the station was well repaid for its part of the work, 
and the veterinarians expressed the desire to have it continued. 

One of the good effects that was wholly foreign to the original 
object was the increased interest which it developed in the State 
Veterinary Medical Society. At the first three meetings of the 
society which I attended, only seven or eight members were pres- 
ent. The three meetings held after the correspondence was estab- 
lished was attended by from twenty to thirty members. 



B2 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

THE EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES EXPERIMENT 
STATION VETERINARIANS AT THE PARIS EXPOSI- 
TION IN 1900. 

By A. T. Peters, D. V. M., 
In vestigator of Animal Diseases, Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska. 

I take pleasure in presenting a subject which ought to be of vital 
interest to every member of this association, namely, the veterinary 
exhibit of the United States Experiment Stations at the Paris Expo- 
sition in 1900. As is well known, at the convention of the Associa- 
tion of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held in July, 
1897, at Minneapolis, a committee upon a collective exhibit of the 
experiment stations at the Paris Exposition in 1900 was appointed, 
consisting of H. P. Armsby, M. A. Scovell, W. H. Jordan, A. W. 
Harris, and A. C. True. The committee has had a meeting in con- 
ference with Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, and the 
executive committee of the above association. As yet no appropria- 
tion has been made by Congress for such an exhibit, but the com- 
mittee, as a result of their meeting, have seen fit to proceed with the 
preliminary arrangements. Mr. Armsby has written me regarding 
the exhibit of the Veterinary Department, and I have consented to 
bring the matter before this body for its careful consideration. 

Mr. Armsby writes that ' ' the committee desires to make in this 
exhibit a presentation of the origin, history, and work of the stations 
which shall be calculated to illustrate the essential and distinguish- 
ing features of the American system of experiment stations as com- 
pared with those of other countries. With this end in view, it is 
proposed to make the exhibit technical rather than popular in its 
nature, appealing to the expert and the administrator rather than to 
the farmer. In carrying out this plan, it is the intention to make 
use of two methods : First, it is intended to prepare a report which 
shall include a characterization of the work of the experiment stations 
along four main lines, namely: (a) Police and control work; (b) 
studies of natural resources and conditions; (c) demonstration on 
experiments ; (d) scientific investigations. Second, based upon this 
report, it is desired also to make as attractive an exhibit as practica- 
ble of selected typical examples of experimental methods and results." 

I have given this matter no little study, and the more thought I 
spend upon it the more perplexing becomes the question as to how 
we veterinarians can best show to the Old Country our unique way 
of investigating scientific problems. I believe this question can be 
settled right here at the meeting of experiment station veterinarians. 
And hence I have thought it advisable to offer this paper merely as 
an introduction to the discussion which I know you will enter into 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 23 

heartily. The committee desires not "a complete and exhaustive 
report upon our work, nor a complete bibliography, but a characteri- 
zation of the main lines and tendencies of our work, classified under 
the headings given above." 

Concerning police and control work may be mentioned the work 
done by the experiment station veterinarians in aiding the Bureau of 
Animal Industry in formulating the best methods of controlling con- 
tagious diseases by quarantine regulations, sanitary measures, and 
vaccination. In this work what greater triumph have our foreign 
brethren scored than we have scored in preventing the spread of 
Texas fever to the Northern States by the quarantine laws, and in 
successfully eradicating pleuro-pneumonia in the United States; 
which latter fact will always be a source of great wonderment to 
foreign veterinarians, and which it will take scores of years for them 
to accomplish ? Too much can not be said in regard to our work in 
eradicating sheep scab by the enforcement of sanitary measures and 
quarantine rules, when we consider how easy it is for it to spread 
unless the strictest laws are observed. Another thing that is char- 
acteristic of American veterinarians is the work done by the different 
States in controlling tuberculosis and glanders by the extensive use 
of tuberculin and mallein and the destruction of the diseased animals. 

In demonstrating our experiments we shall be able to show that 
they are original and unique. Though not all have been successful, 
yet it must be admitted that a great per cent have been successful ; 
in fact, a much larger per cent than is publicly known. And even 
those that have failed have in a way been stepping stones to higher 
scientific investigations. The veterinarians abroad who are unfa- 
miliar with what we have done, and who have given us credit for 
so little, can, if we take advantage of this opportunity, be shown 
that our work ranks as high as theirs. This latter fact has never 
been conceded by them, but we must remember that the investiga- 
tions and experiments of our veterinarians do not date back so far as 
do those of European investigators, and hence it becomes our oppor- 
tunity to illustrate to them that our work of recent years compares 
surprisingly favorable with theirs. Personally, I believe that along 
certain lines our investigations even exceed those of our foreign 
brethren. To back this up I should like to call attention to American 
investigations in Texas fever as compared with the German investi- 
gations in Wildseuche and Buff elseuche, which are supposed to be the 
same as Texas fever. 

Besides these researches, which have resulted in the discovery of 
the real cause of Texas fever, the movements of the little tick, and 
the best method of treatment and prevention, let me call attention 
to the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the experiment 



M BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

stations in investigating hog cholera. In this country this investiga- 
tion is undoubtedly foremost. As much as this may be said concerning 
actinomycosis and many other diseases too numerous to mention here. 

I have pointed out to you only a few of the many distinguishing 
features that go toward characterizing the work of the United States 
experiment station veterinarians, and I am therefore in hopes that 
these few words of introduction will aid in bringing out from the 
members statements of just how and what we ought to exhibit before 
our foreign veterinarians. 

The idea of the committee is to demonstrate in the report the char- 
acteristic investigations along the lines of the various diseases for 
which each station is noted. This should be prepared in a technical, 
concise manner, yet simple and practical enough to prove that no 
nation on earth has done more along these lines in recent years than 
has the United States agricultural experiment stations. For instance, 
this report should contain an outline of the work done, together with 
the results in the separate States, including police and control work, 
and laboratory and field investigations and experiments. The exhibit 
accompanying said report should consist of apparatus, specimens, 
statistics, and all materials used, thus making the report more prac- 
tical and illustrative than otherwise. 

To make such a showing possible, and in order to do justice to the 
United States experiment stations, it will require your entire cooper- 
ation in the matter ; and allow me, in closing, to express the hope 
that you will each and every one enter heartily in assisting the com- 
mittee to gather the material necessary to make the venture a success. 



THE VALUE TO VETERINARIANS OF COOPERATIVE 

EXPERIMENTS. 

By L. L. Lewis, M. S., D. V. M., 

Veterinarian, Oklahoma Agricultural Station. 

As new as the Association of Experiment Station Veterinarians 
is, the subject of cooperative experiments is still newer so far as 
the station veterinarian is concerned. It is not to be expected that 
with so recent an organization there should be any definite under- 
standing in regard to cooperative work, but to my mind there is no 
one thing more necessary to the advancement of the veterinarian's 
work than an organization of those interested in experimental work. 
Cooperative experiments will follow as a natural consequence of such 
an organization, but it is not the intention or province of this paper 
to favor any one plan of work, but rather to try to mention some of 
its advantages, hoping that sufficient interest will be taken in the 
subject to bring it before the next meeting in the form of a suitable 
discussion. 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 25 

The station veterinarian's work is almost the only line of station 
work that is not to a certain extent cooperating with other stations 
for the purpose of securing more complete data on certain lines of 
work. The other departments of the station are getting better results 
by cooperative work, not only with other experiment stations, but 
also with the Department of Agriculture. The veterinarian should 
not be less ready to exchange views and ideas with his fellow worker 
than men engaged in other lines of work, and the more liberal is this 
exchange the surer of success. 

I think there is no work better suited to such organization than the 
work of the veterinarian. The pathology and therapeutics of most 
of the contagious and infectious diseases can be as successfully 
studied in one part of the country as another, and by an exchange 
of data on the work, following a general plan or outline, some defi- 
nite results will be secured in very much less time than by the pres- 
ent method where everyone works independently, repeating the 
mistakes of others and duplicating, it may be, a large amount of 
work. More data of a reliable nature could be secured in one year 
on any given subject by the cooperation of several stations than are 
now available in from two to five years. 

It is not probable that very many of the stations will do very much 
work of this character in the immediate future. There has been 
some work of this character in the past two years and, so far as the 
writer knows, it is a satisfactory method of conducting experiments. 

Where assistance can be given without interfering with the general 
plan of work it should be done if such a proposition be made. But 
the idea of cooperative work should not mean the sacrificing of one's 
ideas of method and manner of work ; if it did, it certainly would be 
a failure. 

A portion of the station veterinarian's time is occupied by teaching, 
as most of them are members of the teaching staff in the agricultural 
colleges. A large part of his time may be occupied by work con- 
ducted in the laboratory or routine in character, but aside from this 
work there is time to devote to field experiments or to laboratory 
work of a cooperative character. 

I realize that a more able writer and a more experienced station 
worker should have been assigned to this duty, but I trust that by 
the time the next meeting is held there may be more stations inter- 
ested in the work, as I believe that cooperation will increase the use- 
fulness of the veterinarian's work in a scientific as well as a practical 
way. 



26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

The Association of Experiment Station Veterinarians is an out- 
growth from the correspondence that sprung up in 1896 among vari- 
ous Experiment Station veterinarians who saw the necessity of such 
an organization. As a result of this correspondence, circular letters 
were sent out to all veterinarians of the United States Experiment 
Stations and Agricultural Colleges asking them as to the advisability 
of such a movement, and informing them that an attempt would be 
made to organize temporarily at the Buffalo meeting of the United 
States Veterinary Medical Association. In February, 1897, another 
circular letter was addressed to the same men stating that a tempo- 
rary organization had been formed, in accordance with the plans, by 
Doctors Salmon, Stalker, Reynolds, Grange, Cary, Williams, Pear- 
son, and Peters. It was the unanimous opinion of these gentlemen 
that an association of this character would be of great benefit to the 
station veterinarian. Accordingly, at the Nashville meeting of the 
United States Veterinary Medical Association in 1897, a permanent 
organization was effected, papers were read, permanent officers were 
elected, and a constitution and by-laws adopted. 

The second annual meeting, the proceedings of which are herewith 
published, was held at Omaha with the United States Veterinary 
Medical Association on September 8, 1898. 



CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF 
EXPERIMENT STATION VETERINARIANS. 



CONSTITUTION. 

Article I. — Name. 

This Association shall be known as the Association of Experiment 
Station Veterinarians. 

Article II. — Object. 

The object of this Association is to bring the several veterinarians 
of the different Experiment Stations in a closer communication, to 
advance their common interests by the establishment of honorable 
and fraternal relations, and to secure the benefits of cooperation and 
united action in bringing into prominence the merits of scientific 
veterinary investigation. 

Article III. — Members. 

All those who are connected with the U. S. Experiment Stations 
and Agricultural and Mechanical Art Colleges may, upon applica- 
tion and the payment of the initiatory fee, become members of this 
Association. 

Article IV. — Officers. 

Chapter 1. The officers of this Association shall consist of a Presi- 
dent, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and three Trustees, who 
shall constitute the Executive Committee. 

Chapter 2. The officers shall be elected for one year by ballot and 
hold office until their successors are elected. 

Article V. — The Executive Committee. 

The Executive Committee shall manage the business of the Asso- 
ciation under such regulations and restrictions as the Association 
may from time to time prescribe. 

27 



28 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

BY-LAWS. 
Section I. 

Article 1. The President shall preside over the meetings of the 
Association. 

Article 2. He shall deliver an address at the annual meeting suc- 
ceeding his election. 

Article 3. He shall appoint all committees not otherwise provided 
for. 

Section II. 

Article 1. The Secretary shall give due notice of the time and 
place of each annual meeting. He shall conduct all correspondence 
of the Association, retain copies, and report the same at each meeting. 

Article 2. The Secretary shall also perform such other duties as 
may be imposed upon him by the Association. 

Section III. 

Article 1. The Secretary-Treasurer shall collect all bills due the As- 
sociation and give security for all moneys held by him if desired. He 
shall keep a correct account of the same, holding receipts for all dis- 
bursements. He shall furnish a statement of the funds of the Asso- 
ciation at each annual meeting, or oftener if desired. 

Article 2. He shall be the custodian of all moneys belonging to 
the Association, or donations, and keep a correct account of the same 
with the names of the donors, and report such members as have failed 
to pay their dues for one year. 

Article 3. The Treasurer shall pay out no money from the treasury, 
or dispose of any money or property of the Association, without the 
knowledge and approval of the President. All bills audited by the 
Finance Committee shall be paid by the Treasurer upon the order of 
the President. 

Section IV. 

Article 1. Order of business: 
Roll call. 

Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 
President's address. 
Reports of committees. 
Admission of new members. 
Unfinished business. 
New business. 
Election of officers. 
Miscellaneous business. 
Papers and discussions. 



PROCEEDINGS OF ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARIANS. 29 

Section V. 

Article 1 . Seven members shall constitute a quorum for the trans- 
action of business at the annual meeting. 

Section VI. 

Article 1. The annual dues shall be one dollar (§1.00) and the sec- 
retary is instructed to levy a tax upon the members sufficient to cover 
any deficit that may occur. 

Section VII. 

Article 1. Any proposed alterations or amendments to the consti- 
tution or by-laws shall be submitted in writing to each member of the 
Association at least three months before the next annual meeting. 



LBFe'07 



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